1963

1963 was the 92nd year after the founding of the City of Birmingham.

A watershed in the Civil Rights Movement occurred in 1963 when Birmingham Civil Rights Movement leader Fred Shuttlesworth requested that Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) come to Birmingham to help end segregation (see below). Together they launched "Project C" (for "Confrontation"), a massive assault on the Jim Crow system. During April and May daily sit-ins and mass marches were met with police repression, tear gas, attack dogs, and arrests. More than 3,000 people were arrested during these protests, many of the children. These protests were ultimately successful, leading not only to desegregation of public accommodations in Birmingham but also the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

While imprisoned for having taken part in a nonviolent protest, Dr. King wrote the now famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, a defining treatise in his cause against segregation. Birmingham is also known for a bombing which occurred later that year, in which four black girls were killed by a bomb planted at the 16th Street Baptist Church. The event would inspire the African-American poet Dudley Randall's opus, The Ballad of Birmingham, as well as jazz musician John Coltrane's song, "Alabama."

Events

• January 26–27: 1963 March of Dimes Auto Show at Municipal Auditorium.
• February 17–24: Vulcan's torch signaled heart disease deaths rather than traffic fatalities for a week to support the Heart Fund Drive.
• March 31–April 26: The 1963 Birmingham Transit strike.
• July 24: Major storms left thousands without power.
• August 25: The Cahaba River Group split off from the Eastview 13 Klavern of the Ku Klux Klan.
• December 23: The 1963 Collegeville fire resulted in the deaths of six children.
• December 31: A rare snowfall brought 8 inches to Birmingham.
• The 20th Special Forces Group moved from the Homewood National Guard Armory to the Oporto Armory.
• The Birmingham Festival of Arts held the 1963 Arts Around Us festival.
• The first railroad cars in the collection of the Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum were put on display at the site of the future Railroad Reservation Park.
• Homewood bought the land for Spring Park.
• Laura Knox founded the Birmingham Creative Dance Group.

Business

• January 23: Western Supermarkets opened a location in Leeds.
• July 2: The Bank for Savings and Trust and Birmingham Trust National Bank approved their merger.
• September 3: The Birmingham Transit Company was sold to the American Transit Company of St Louis, Missouri.
• Ruby Ansley founded Ruby Ansley Interiors
• The Chapman Radio and Television Company began petitioning the FCC to allow them to broadcast on Channel 21.
• City Federal Savings & Loan moved into the newly renovated City Federal Building.
• Kenneth Daniel became President of American Cast Iron Pipe Company.
• Edgewood Hardware opened.
• The Homewood Theatre closed for good.
• Fob James founded Diversified Products Inc.
• The original Milo's Hamburgers was forced to move due to construction of I-20/59.
• Parisian opened a second store at Five Points West.
• Steiner Bank moved from the 1890 Steiner Building to modern offices at 1920 3rd Avenue North.
• Larry Striplin, Jr bought the Nelson–Brantley Glass Company.

Civil Rights Movement

• January 18: Governor George Wallace made his first inauguration speech, calling for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".
• April 3-May 10: The Birmingham campaign of peaceful protest was carried out in downtown Birmingham.
  • April 3: The "Birmingham Manifesto" was issued and the first organized sit-ins took place at downtown lunch counters.
  • April 7 (Palm Sunday): Ministers John Thomas Porter, Nelson H. Smith and A. D. King led a group of 2,000 marchers to protest the jailing of Civil Rights Movement leaders.
  • April 11: The Birmingham Public Library board voted to desegregate the city's public libraries.
  • April 12 (Good Friday): Martin Luther King, Jr was arrested for parading without a permit. White clergymen issue "A Call for Unity", urging an end to demonstrations as a show of support for the incoming city council.
  • May 2: The Children's Crusade began.
  • May 3: Police dogs and firehoses marked the second day of the Children's Crusade.
  • May 10: A truce was announced, ending the Birmingham Campaign.
• May 11: A. D. King's residence and the A. G. Gaston Motel were hit by devastating bombs. Rioting spread across the city.
• June 11: Governor George Wallace made his "stand in the schoolhouse door" to prevent integration of the University of Alabama. Vivian Malone and James Hood registered later that day.
• July 12: The Fifth U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals ordered that Birmingham City Schools must be desegregated, beginning that fall.
• July 23: The Birmingham City Council repealed its segregation ordinances and reopened city parks.
• September 10: Birmingham City Schools were integrated by National Guardsmen under orders from President Kennedy.
• September 15: 16th Street Baptist Church was bombed in an act of terror. (See also Bombingham)
• September 30: Newsweek published a feature story about the church bombing with a photograph by John Friedel on the cover.

Government

The Birmingham City Council in 1963

• January 14: George Wallace was sworn in as Governor of Alabama.
• March 5: The 1963 Birmingham municipal election, the first held under the Mayor-Council Act, results in a runoff between mayoral candidates Albert Boutwell and Bull Connor.
• April 2: Albert Boutwell defeated Bull Connor to become Mayor of Birmingham.
• April 17: The newly-sworn in Birmingham City Council attempted to assume power, but the Birmingham City Commission members refused to cede their positions.
• April 23: Judge J. Edgar Bowron ruled that Mayor Boutwell and the City Council are the legal government of Birmingham.
• May 23: The Alabama Supreme Court upheld Bowron's ruling in favor of the Mayor-Council government.
• August 7: The Birmingham City Council approved Mayor Albert Boutwell's $15 million 1964 Birmingham budget.
• November 5: The Birmingham-Jefferson County Regional Planning Commission was created.
• The 9th Congressional District of Alabama was eliminated, with George Huddleston, Jr serving the last term as representative.

Religion

• Nahum Benathan became rabbi of Knesseth Israel Congregation.
• Ben Lacy, Jr succeeded Gene Poe as pastor of South Highland Presbyterian Church.
• Pilgrim Congregational Church established a day school.
• Arnold Royal succeeded Karl Friedman as president of Temple Beth-El.
• The long-running "Sunday School Hour" radio program debuted on WFHK-AM.
• Wallace Wirtz succeeded Robert Woodfield as rector of St Andrew's Episcopal Church.
• Morton Wallack succeeded Abraham Mesch as rabbi of Temple Beth-El.

Sports

• January 1: The Alabama Crimson Tide beat Oklahoma 17-0 in the Orange Bowl.
• November 30: Auburn won the 1963 Iron Bowl.
• Al Belcher teamed up with Kansas City A's owner Charlie Finley to bring the Birmingham Barons back for the 1964 season.
• The Birmingham Black Barons played their final season.
• Billy Joe earned AFL Rookie of the Year honors with the Denver Broncos.
• Tommie Reynolds began his Major League career with the Kansas City Athletics.
• Virgil Trucks was hired as a pitching coach by the Pittsburgh Pirates.
• Coach Ray Woodard introduced soccer to Alabama with his first boys' team at Indian Springs School.

Individuals

• John Beecher began a two year stint as poet in residence at the University of Santa Clara.
• Chas Chamberlain moved to Birmingham with his parents.
• Chuck Morgan fled Birmingham with his family after receiving death threats for a speech condemning anyone who supported segregation as being guilty in the bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church.

Births

Charles Barkley

A. C. Roper

• February 17: Michael Jordan, basketball legend and one-time Birmingham Baron
• February 20: Charles Barkley
• March 12: Tim Hollis, author and historian
• March 28: Chuck Jaeger, Jefferson County Sheriff's Office sergeant
• April 19: Wendy Holcombe, banjo player
• May 16: Jon Coffelt, artist
• June 6: Claude Estes IV, CPA
• July 6: Shelia Smoot, television reporter and politician
• August 28: Al Sutton, Baptist minister
• September 5: Jeff Brantley, baseball player
• September 8: David Lee Smith, actor
• September 8: Phillip Griffith, photographer
• October 24: Joe DeCamillis, artist
• November 6: A. C. Roper, Birmingham Police Department chief
• Brett Blackledge, reporter
• Bret Bradford, sculptor
• John Hallum, actor
• Edith Mayomi, former Jefferson State Community College employee
• David Meeks, Associated Press editor
• Artis Murphy, literacy advocate
• Jennifer Trammell, civic leader
• Victorine, Birmingham Zoo gorilla
• Nikita Williams, superintendent of Midfield City Schools

Marriages

• June 20: Charles Gaines and Patricia Ellison
• Fred Youngs, Jr and Miss Sikes

Divorces

• Hank Penny and Sue Thompson.

Albert Boutwell. courtesy BPL Archives

Offices

• January 14: George Wallace succeeded John Patterson as Governor of Alabama
• Albert Boutwell succeeded Art Hanes as Mayor of Birmingham.
• Mel Bailey succeeded Holt McDowell as Jefferson County Sheriff
• Paul Bailey left Alabama College for Birmingham-Southern College
• Harvie Branscomb retired from the Chancellorship of Vanderbilt University.
• Delos Culp succeeded Howard Phillips as President of Alabama College.
• John Grenier became chair of the Alabama Republican Party.
• Nina Miglionico became the first woman elected to the Birmingham city government.
• Ira Myers became Alabama's state health officer.
• Howard M. Phillips succeeded Henry Stanford as President of Birmingham-Southern College
• Clarke Stallworth became city editor for the Birmingham Post-Herald.
• Patrick Sullivan was assigned to priestly duties in North Alabama.

Awards

• Birmingham Realtor of the Year: Bill Watts, Jr
• Miss Alabama: Judy Short
• Mr Crestwood: Joe Weeks

Graduations

• William Cobb earned a master's in creative writing at Vanderbilt University.
• Charles Gaines earned his bachelor's degree at Birmingham-Southern College.
• Mike Goodrich graduated from Indian Springs School.
• Cleveland Hammonds earned his master's in guidance and counseling from Southern Illinois University.
• Bev Head earned a bachelor's in economics from Yale College.
• Gray Plosser graduated from Indian Springs School.
• Ben Saxon graduated from Bessemer High School.

Collins, McNair, Robertson, and Wesley

Deaths

• September 15: Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Wesley died in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church. Teenagers Johnnie Robinson and Virgil Ware were killed in the bombing's aftermath.
• October 19: Walter McAdory, former Jefferson County Sheriff
• December 14: Dinah Washington, blues singer
• December 25: A 14-year-old Woodlawn High School student was found dead from injuries sustained during a fall and exposure to the cold near Eastwood Mall.

See also List of Birmingham homicides in 1963

Works

• January 16: An Appeal for Law and Order and Common Sense
• April 12: A Call For Unity
• April 16: Letter from Birmingham Jail
• September 30: Newsweek issue on the 1963 church bombing with cover photo by John Friedel
• Hal Lynch starred in the Broadway production of Spoon River Anthology
• Austin 3-manual, 44-rank organ (Opus 2386) at McCoy United Methodist Church

Music

• Angels and Demons at Play, Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra
• When Sun Comes Out, Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Buildings

Fritz Woehle residence

• 3349 Brookwood Road
• Fritz Woehle residence
• 6-story, 50 room addition to the Guest House Motor Inn
• Hueytown City Hall
• Milo's Hamburgers second location on 10th Avenue North
• New classrooms at Minor High School
• Pratt City Library on 2nd Street Pratt City
• First contracts were signed for construction of the Red Mountain Expressway
• A large, electrically-lit cross was mounted to the tower of Third Presbyterian Church

Context

In 1963, the Vietnam War continued. Travel and financial transactions by U.S. citizens with Cuba were prohibited. The Beatles recorded and release their debut album, Please Please Me. Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashed in the Florida Everglades killing all 43 persons aboard. Country music superstar Patsy Cline was killed in a plane crash. The Alcatraz Island federal penitentiary in San Francisco Bay closed. The Coca-Cola Company introduced its first diet drink, Tab cola. NASA flew the final Mercury program mission. Vostok 6 carried Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman, into space. The Supreme Court ruled in Abington School District v. Schempp that state-mandated Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional. Pope Paul VI succeeded Pope John XXIII.

Also in 1963, ZIP Codes were introduced. Hurricane Flora hit Hispaniola and Cuba killing nearly 7,000 people. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas; Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became the 36th President. Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin was later shot dead by Jack Ruby on live national television. A lightning strike caused the crash of Pan Am Flight 214 near Elkton, Maryland, killing 81 people. Kenya and Zanzibar became independent from Great Britain. The cruise ship Lakonia burned 180 miles north of Madeira, killing 128.

Books published in 1963 included Planet of the Apes (La Planète des Singes) by Pierre Boulle, Inside Mr. Enderby by Anthony Burgess, The Clocks by Agatha Christie, The Collector by John Fowles, On Her Majesty's Secret Service by Ian Fleming, The Spy who Came in from the Cold by John le Carré, Ice Station Zebra by Alistair MacLean, Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut, and The Graduate by Charles Webb.

Top pop music hits of 1963 included "He's So Fine" by The Chiffons, "Fingertips Pt. 2" by Little Stevie Wonder, "Sugar Shack" by Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, and "Dominique" by The Singing Nun. The Grammy Awards for both Record of the Year and Song of the Year went to "Days of Wine and Roses" by Henry Mancini. Album of the Year went to The Barbra Streisand Album by Barbra Streisand. Best New Artist was awarded to Ward Swingle of The Swingle Singers.

The top-grossing films of 1963 included Cleopatra, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, How the West Was Won, The Birds, and From Russia With Love. The Academy Award for Best Picture went to Tom Jones, as did Best Director (Tony Richardson). Best Actor went to Sidney Poitier for Lilies of the Field, while Best Actress went to Patricia Neal for Hud.

Television premieres of 1963 included Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom, General Hospital, The Outer Limits, The Fugitive, and Petticoat Junction. Also premiering in the United Kingdom was BBC television science fiction series Doctor Who. Series that ended in 1963 included The Voice of Firestone, The Real McCoys, and Leave It to Beaver,

Notable births in 1963 included baseball pitcher David Cone, singer and actress Vanessa L. Williams, model and actress Kathy Ireland, chess player Garry Kasparov, actor Eric McCormack, entertainer Conan O'Brien, martial artist and actor Jet Li, actress Natasha Richardson, comedian and actor Mike Myers, actor Johnny Depp, actress Helen Hunt, singer George Michael, actress Phoebe Cates, actress Lisa Kudrow, rapper Coolio, computer hacker Kevin Mitnick, singer Whitney Houston, actor John Stamos, singer Tori Amos, singer Richard Marx, baseball player Mark McGwire, and actor Brad Pitt.

Notable deaths included businessman and politician Robert S. Kerr, country singer Patsy Cline, Pope John XXIII, civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois, conductor Fritz Reiner, criminal Robert Stroud, writer Aldous Huxley, President John F. Kennedy, novelist C. S. Lewis, and wrestler "Gorgeous George" Wagner.

1960s

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