List of racially-motivated bombings: Difference between revisions

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This is a '''list of racially-motivated bombings''', events in a long series of terrorist actions aimed at cowing proponents of racial [[desegregation]] in [[Birmingham]] and surrounding areas.
This is a '''list of racially-motivated bombings''', events in a long series of terrorist actions aimed at cowing proponents of racial [[desegregation]] in [[Birmingham]] and surrounding areas.


Numerous explosive devices were placed near African American leaders' homes and meeting places during the [[Civil Rights Movement]] of the 1950s and '60s. Many others targeted black families moving into neighborhoods that had previously been [[racial zoning|zoned for whites]], or individuals of any race alleged to be have supported the cause of integration.
Numerous explosive devices were placed near African American leaders' homes and meeting places during the [[Civil Rights Movement]] of the 1950s and 1960s. Many others targeted black families moving into neighborhoods that had previously been [[racial zoning|zoned for whites]], or individuals of any race alleged to be have supported the cause of integration. Historians have connected the materials and methods used by racially-motivated bombers to earlier outbreaks of labor-related violence and intimidation.


Most of these crimes went "unsolved", due to complacency, or perhaps complicity, on the part of local law enforcement agencies and the [[FBI]]. The frequency of such acts led to the use of the derisive [[List of nicknames for Birmingham|nickname]] "[[Bombingham]]" for the city.
Most of these crimes went "unsolved", due to complacency, or perhaps complicity, on the part of local law enforcement agencies and the [[FBI]]. The frequency of such acts led to the use of the derisive [[List of nicknames for Birmingham|nickname]] "[[Bombingham]]" for the city. Locally, the preponderance of bombings focused around [[Center Street]] at the boundary of [[Smithfield neighborhood|Smithfield]] and [[Graymont]], where a lawsuit filed by [[Arthur Shores]] had prevented the city from enforcing its [[1926 Birmingham zoning ordinance|racial zoning ordinance]], led to that area being called "[[Dynamite Hill]]".
 
Author [[Diane McWhorter]] documented numerous connections between these bombings and similar campaigns conducted as part of violent conflicts between mine companies and organized labor in the early 20th century. [[Robert Chambliss]] was frequently seen in the area, sometimes making overt threats, and was occasionally arrested on suspicion of involvement in bombings. He was not convicted and was generally understood to enjoy the sanction of Public Safety commissioner [[Bull Connor]].


==Notable bomb incidents==
==Notable bomb incidents==
===[[1947]]===
===[[1947]]===
* The first bombing targeted [[Samuel Mathews]], an African American who won a court judgment requiring the City of [[Birmingham]] to allow him to purchase a house in [[North Smithfield]]. The event touched off the "[[Battle of North Smithfield]]".
* [[August 18]]: The first bombing targeted a new home constructed by [[Samuel Mathews]] on a vacant lot at 120 [[11th Court North]] in [[North Smithfield]]. He had purchased the property, which was planned to be rezoned for Black residents, in [[1946]]. After being denied an occupancy permit he retained [[Arthur Shores]] to represent him in a suit against the city. U.S. District Court Judge [[Clarence Mullins]] ruled in favor of Matthews on [[July 31]], 1947. Afterward Mathews found a skull and crossbones painted on the side of the house. A few days later six sticks of dynamite were thrown through the living room window, destroying the $3,700 house. Mathews reported the crime to police. Detectives claimed that their investigation "failed to reveal sufficient evidence to make an arrest." The event touched off what some termed the "[[Battle of North Smithfield]]".
 
===[[1948]]===
* A bomb exploded in front of [[Frank Davis]]' [[Hayes-Davis residence|residence]] at 1100 [[Center Street]].


===[[1949]]===
===[[1949]]===
* [[March 24]]: The [[S. L. Green residence|home]] of Bishop [[S. L. Green]] at [[1st Street West|1st Street]] and [[11th Avenue West]] was destroyed by dynamite.
[[Image:1949 mass meeting poster.png|right|275px]]
* [[July 28]]: Three sticks of dynamite were thrown into the [[Milton Curry, Jr residence|home]] of [[Milton Curry, Jr]] at 1100 [[Center Street North]], but did not explode.
* [[March 24]]: The [[S. L. Green residence|home]] of Bishop [[S. L. Green]] at [[1st Street West|1st Street]] and [[11th Avenue West]] was the hardest hit of three homes damaged by dynamite. The home was being remodeled for them at the time of the blast. The back porch of an adjacent home was also blown off.
* [[August 12]]: Curry's residence was again targeted by dynamite, this time damaging windows.
* [[July 28]]: Three sticks of dynamite were thrown into the [[Milton Curry Jr residence|home]] of Reverend [[Milton Curry Jr]] at 1100 [[Center Street North]], but did not explode.
* [[August 12]]: Curry's residence was again targeted by dynamite, this time damaging windows. At the time, Reverend [[Benjamin Henderson]] was renting a ground floor room in the house, which he shared with his 14-year-old son, [[Bennie Henderson|Bennie]].  
* August 12: The [[E. B. DeYampert residence|home]] of [[E. B. DeYampert]] at 1104 Center Street North was damaged by dynamite on the same evening.
* August 12: The [[E. B. DeYampert residence|home]] of [[E. B. DeYampert]] at 1104 Center Street North was damaged by dynamite on the same evening.
:''On [[August 17]] a mass meeting was held on the lawn of the [[Smithfield Court]] auditorium to hear witness reports of the bombings and to call for investigation and prosecution of the guilty. The meeting was co-sponsored by the [[Birmingham Business League]], [[Property Owners Protective Association]], [[Progressive Democratic Association]] of the [[NAACP]], the [[Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance]], the [[Birmingham Jefferson County Housewives League]], the [[Birmingham Emancipation Association]] and the [[Social Workers Council]]. More than 2,000 people attended the protest, at which resolutions calling for an end to bombings, for increased access to real estate, and in support of attorney [[Arthur Shores]] were approved.''
* September: A bomb attributed to the KKK damaged [[WEDR-AM]]'s broadcast antenna.


===[[1950]]===
===[[1950]]===
* [[April 22]]: Milton Curry, Jr's home was targeted a third time. The larger bomb nearly destroyed the house entirely. Two people inside escaped without injury.
[[File:1950 Monk residence bombing.jpg|left|thumb|325px|Aftermath of the bombing of Mary Means Monk's home]]
* [[Mary Means Monk]]'s home was targeted by the Klan after she won a court judgment nullifying Birmingham's revised [[segregated zoning]] laws.
* April: [[Joel Boykins]]' newly-built home and dentist office in [[Smithfield]] was bombed. The event prompted the [[Birmingham Chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women]] to condemn such crimes and urge the police to investigate and prosecute.
* [[April 22]]: Milton Curry Jr's home was targeted a third time. The larger bomb nearly destroyed the house entirely. Two people inside escaped without injury.
** [[July 29]]: Pamphlets printed by the [[Alabama Communist Party]] in which the ongoing "unsolved" bombings were prominently mentioned, were scattered onto the street from a 10th floor window of the [[Woodward Building]] by New York resident George Breland.
* [[December 21]]: A brick bungalow belonging to [[Monroe Monk|Monroe]] and [[Mary Means Monk]] at 950 [[Center Street North]] was bombed. Mrs Monk had won a court judgment nullifying Birmingham's revised [[segregated zoning]] laws and had moved into the house on the west side of the street the previous day. The bomb was tossed onto the porch adjoining the room where the Monks were sleeping. Neither the Monks nor their boarder, [[C. W. Askew]], were seriously injured.
 
===[[1951]]===
* The rear half of Milton Curry's home at 1100 Center Street North was burned to the ground.


===[[1956]]===
===[[1956]]===
* A home was damaged by dynamite thrown into the front yard.
* [[December 25]]: [[1956 Bethel Baptist Church bombing]]: [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]'s [[Fred Shuttlesworth residence|residence]] in [[Collegeville]] bombed, collapsing the parsonage. The adjacent [[Bethel Baptist Church]] was also bombed, shattering windows.
* [[December 25]]: [[1956 Bethel Baptist Church bombing]]: [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]'s [[Fred Shuttlesworth residence|residence]] in [[Collegeville]] bombed, collapsing the parsonage. The adjacent [[Bethel Baptist Church]] was also bombed, shattering windows.


===[[1957]]===
===[[1957]]===
* [[April 10]]: Two days after [[George Dickerson]], pastor of [[1st Baptist Church Kingston]], bought [[George Dickerson residence|the house]] at 1143 [[12th Place North]] it was extensively damaged by a dynamite blast.
* [[April 10]]: Two days after [[George Dickerson]], pastor of [[1st Baptist Church Kingston]], bought [[George Dickerson residence|the house]] at 1143 [[12th Place North]] it was extensively damaged by a dynamite blast.
* April: [[Ashbury Howard]] residence in [[Bessemer]].
* [[April 28]]: [[Ashbury Howard]] residence in [[Bessemer]].
* [[April 28]]: The [[Allen Temple AME Church]] at [[9th Avenue Bessemer|9th Avenue]] and [[22nd Street Bessemer|22nd Street]] in [[Bessemer]] was bombed during a service, showering the choir with plaster debris.
* April 28: The [[Allen Temple AME Church]] at [[9th Avenue Bessemer|9th Avenue]] and [[22nd Street Bessemer|22nd Street]] in [[Bessemer]] was bombed during a service, showering the choir with plaster debris.
* July: A home under construction on [[Dynamite Hill]]
* July: A home under construction on [[Dynamite Hill]]
* A double explosion destroyed a home at 1216 [[13th Street North]] in [[Fountain Heights]].
* November: A home under construction in Bessemer
* November: A home under construction in Bessemer
* December: One explosion damaged five houses on Dynamite Hill
* December: One explosion damaged five houses on Dynamite Hill
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* [[June 29]]: [[1958 Bethel Baptist Church bombing]]: [[Bethel Baptist Church]] in [[Collegeville]] was targeted again. Guards managed to move a paint can full of dynamite from the church to a ditch before it exploded, but nearby windows were still blown out by the blast. [[J. B. Stoner]] was convicted on federal charges of conspiracy in the incident, and served 3½ years of a 10-year sentence before being paroled.
* [[June 29]]: [[1958 Bethel Baptist Church bombing]]: [[Bethel Baptist Church]] in [[Collegeville]] was targeted again. Guards managed to move a paint can full of dynamite from the church to a ditch before it exploded, but nearby windows were still blown out by the blast. [[J. B. Stoner]] was convicted on federal charges of conspiracy in the incident, and served 3½ years of a 10-year sentence before being paroled.
* July: [[William Blackwell]] residence
* July: [[William Blackwell]] residence
:''Following a pair of bombings of houses in [[Fountain Heights]], two white men were captured by black residents and beaten. They were arrested when they later sought medical treatment at [[University Hospital]]. The investigation led to one additional arrest. One of the three was convicted on a bombing charge and all three pleaded guilty a second charge of "attempting to set off a bomb". They were all given probation rather than imprisonment.''("To Keep the Record Straight"-1963)


===[[1959]]===
===[[1959]]===
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===[[1962]]===
===[[1962]]===
* [[January 16]]: [[New Bethel Baptist Church]] at [[13th Avenue]] and [[Sipsey Street]] was hit by two sticks of dynamite, causing minor damage.  
* [[January 16]]: [[New Bethel Baptist Church]] at [[13th Avenue]] and [[Sipsey Street]] in [[East Birmingham]] was [[January 1962 church bombings|damaged by two sticks of dynamite]].  
* January 16: [[St Luke's AME Zion Church]] at 3937 [[12th Avenue North]] was damaged by two sticks of dynamite.
* January 16: [[St Luke's AME Zion Church]] at 3937 [[12th Avenue North]] was [[January 1962 church bombings|damaged by two sticks of dynamite]].
* January 16: [[Trinity Church and Kingdom of God in Christ]] at 2505 [[24th Street North]] was damaged by two sticks of dynamite.
* January 16: [[Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ‎]], Temple No. 7, at 2505 [[24th Street North]] was [[January 1962 church bombings|damaged by two sticks of dynamite]].
* January: 4-unit apartment house under construction
* January: 4-unit apartment house under construction
* [[December 14]]: [[1962 Bethel Baptist Church bombing]]: [[Bethel Baptist Church]] was bombed a third time, the explosion occurred across the street, but still shattered windows at the church and parsonage.
* [[December 14]]: [[1962 Bethel Baptist Church bombing]]: [[Bethel Baptist Church]] was bombed a third time, the explosion occurred across the street, but still shattered windows at the church and parsonage.
* [[December 18]]: The 28-unit [[Continental Apartments]], under construction at 1607-1609 [[13th Avenue South]] was damaged by a small bomb, perhaps just a half-stick of dynamite, placed inside a front room.


===[[1963]]===
===[[1963]]===
[[Image:Gaston Motel damage.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Bomb damage at the Gaston Motel]]
[[Image:Gaston Motel damage.jpg|right|thumb|480px|Bomb damage at the Gaston Motel]]
[[File:1963 Shores bombing timer.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Timing device used in the bombing of Arthur Shores' home]]
* March: [[Howard Robinson]] residence in Birmingham
* March: [[Howard Robinson]] residence in Birmingham
* [[May 11]]: [[A. D. King]]'s [[A. D. King residence|residence]] at 721 [[12th Street Ensley|12th Street]] in [[Ensley]] was hit by two bombs that exploded minutes apart. The home was destroyed.
* [[May 11]]: [[A. D. King]]'s [[A. D. King residence|residence]] at 721 [[12th Street Ensley|12th Street]] in [[Ensley]] was hit by two bombs that exploded minutes apart. The home was destroyed.
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* [[August 10]]: [[St James United Methodist Church (Warrior)|St James United Methodist Church]] in [[Warrior]] was destroyed by arsonists.
* [[August 10]]: [[St James United Methodist Church (Warrior)|St James United Methodist Church]] in [[Warrior]] was destroyed by arsonists.
* [[August 15]]: [[Loveman's]] department store was targeted by a tear gas bomb.
* [[August 15]]: [[Loveman's]] department store was targeted by a tear gas bomb.
* mid August: [[Arthur Shores]]' [[Arthur Shores residence|residence]]
* [[August 20]]: [[Arthur Shores]]' [[Arthur Shores residence|residence]] was damaged by a bomb tossed toward the garage doors. Shores was asleep at the opposite end of the house and was unarmed. One of the family's two dogs was killed and the other ran away.
* [[September 4]]: Arthur Shores' residence. Bomb exploded while repairs were underway from previous blast. His wife, [[Theodora Shores|Theodora]] was injured.
* [[September 4]]: Arthur Shores' residence. Bomb exploded while repairs were underway from previous blast. His wife, [[Theodora Shores|Theodora]] was injured.
* [[September 12]]: [[A. G. Gaston]]'s [[A. G. Gaston residence|residence]] in [[Robinwood]]
* [[September 12]]: [[A. G. Gaston]]'s [[A. G. Gaston residence|residence]] in [[Robin Wood]]
* [[September 15]]: [[16th Street Baptist Church]], 19 sticks of dynamite [[1963 church bombing|exploded on Sunday morning]], killing 4 young girls.
* [[September 15]]: [[16th Street Baptist Church]], 19 sticks of dynamite [[1963 church bombing|exploded on Sunday morning]], killing 4 young girls.
* [[September 25]]: Two bombs exploded in [[Center Street South]] in [[Titusville]], apparently intended to draw a crowd and then spray them with shrapnel. No one was hurt, but a deep crater was left in the street and shrapnel was sprayed into nearby walls.
* [[September 25]]: Two bombs exploded in [[Center Street South]] in [[Titusville]], apparently intended to draw a crowd and then spray them with shrapnel. No one was hurt, but a deep crater was left in the street and shrapnel was sprayed into nearby walls. The homes of [[John Hardrick]] and [[Estalla Nunn]] were damaged by the second blast.


===[[1964]]===
===[[1964]]===
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* [[March 21]]: [[Our Lady Queen of the Universe Catholic Church]], at [[10th Avenue North]] and [[Center Street North|Center Street]] was targeted during Mass by a bomb containing 50 sticks of dynamite. It was disarmed while the priest continued the liturgy.
* [[March 21]]: [[Our Lady Queen of the Universe Catholic Church]], at [[10th Avenue North]] and [[Center Street North|Center Street]] was targeted during Mass by a bomb containing 50 sticks of dynamite. It was disarmed while the priest continued the liturgy.
* March 21: Another 50-stick bomb was left at [[A. D. King]]'s [[A. D. King residence|residence]] in [[Ensley]], but failed to explode.
* March 21: Another 50-stick bomb was left at [[A. D. King]]'s [[A. D. King residence|residence]] in [[Ensley]], but failed to explode.
* 38 sticks of dynamite were found on the front porch of [[Birmingham City Council]] member [[Nina Miglionico]]'s home on [[Essex Road]]. The bomb was defused before it went off.
* [[April 1]]: At 5:35 AM a bomb exploded at the house of [[Toussaint Crowell|Toussaint]] and [[Ruth Crowell]] at 1312 [[4th Avenue North]], leaving a six-foot crater and injuring their 13-year-old son, [[Weymouth Crowell|Weymouth]].
* An unexploded bomb was found at the home of [[Mayor of Birmingham|Mayor]] [[Albert Boutwell]].
* 38<!--or 50 to 60--> sticks of dynamite were found on the front porch of [[Nina Miglionico]]'s home at 931 [[Essex Road]]. Her father, [[Joe Miglionico|Joe]] discovered the device and disarmed it before it exploded.
* [[April 1]]: A bomb exploded at the house of [[Toussaint Crowell|Toussaint]] and [[Ruth Crowell]] at 5:35 AM, leaving a six-foot crater and injuring their son, Weymouth.
* An unexploded bomb containing 50 to 60 sticks of dynamite was found at the [[Albert Boutwell residence|home]] of [[Mayor of Birmingham|Mayor]] [[Albert Boutwell]] at 4461 [[Clairmont Avenue]]. A [[Birmingham Police Department]] captain disarmed the device.


{{Civil Rights}}
{{Civil Rights}}


== References ==
== References ==
* "[http://bplonline.cdmhost.com/u?/p4017coll2,545 20th Bombing Here Against Negroes]" (September 16, 1963) ''Birmingham Post-Herald'' - accessed via Birmingham Public Library Digital Collection
* "Red Propagandist Loses State Appeal" (November 2, 1951) Associated Press / {{TN}}
* "[http://bplonline.cdmhost.com/digital/collection/p4017coll2/id/7390/rec/21 To Keep the Record Straight]" (March 28, 1963) {{BPH}} - via {{BPLDC}}
* "[http://bplonline.cdmhost.com/u?/p4017coll2,545 20th Bombing Here Against Negroes]" (September 16, 1963) {{BPH}} - via {{BPLDC}}
* "Complain 18 Unsolved B'ham Bombings in 6  Years." (September 19, 1963) ''Jet'' magazine. Vol. 24, No. 22
* "Complain 18 Unsolved B'ham Bombings in 6  Years." (September 19, 1963) ''Jet'' magazine. Vol. 24, No. 22
* Britton, John H. (April 29, 1965) "[http://books.google.com/books?id=ycIDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA20&dq=%22Mel%20Bailey%22%20sheriff&pg=PA14#v=onepage Deadly Little Green Boxes]" ''Jet''
* Britton, John H. (April 29, 1965) "[http://books.google.com/books?id=ycIDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA20&dq=%22Mel%20Bailey%22%20sheriff&pg=PA14#v=onepage Deadly Little Green Boxes]" ''Jet''
* Eskew, Glenn T. (December 1997) "'Bombingham': Black Protest in Postwar Birmingham, Alabama." ''The Historian" Vol. 59, No. 2. p. 371-390
* Eskew, Glenn T. (December 1997) "'Bombingham': Black Protest in Postwar Birmingham, Alabama." ''The Historian" Vol. 59, No. 2. p. 371-390
* Temple, Chanda and Jeff Hansen (July 16, 2000) "Ministers' homes, churches among bomb targets." {{BN}}
* Temple, Chanda and Jeff Hansen (July 16, 2000) "Ministers' homes, churches among bomb targets." {{BN}}
* {{McWhorter-2001}}
* White, Marjorie; Christy Anderson, and David Ray (December 13, 2006) "[https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/daeb70a2-80e2-472f-a758-72b008af4ba7 Center Street Historic District]" National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form - listed October 1, 2007
* Gray, Jeremy (July 24, 2018) "[http://www.al.com/expo/news/erry-2018/07/f39190a3553390/bombingham.html Bombingham: Decades of racist bombings captured in chilling photos]" {{BN}}




[[Category:Civil rights events]]
[[Category:Civil rights events]]
[[Category:Crimes]]
[[Category:Crimes]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]

Latest revision as of 10:21, 14 February 2024

This is a list of racially-motivated bombings, events in a long series of terrorist actions aimed at cowing proponents of racial desegregation in Birmingham and surrounding areas.

Numerous explosive devices were placed near African American leaders' homes and meeting places during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Many others targeted black families moving into neighborhoods that had previously been zoned for whites, or individuals of any race alleged to be have supported the cause of integration. Historians have connected the materials and methods used by racially-motivated bombers to earlier outbreaks of labor-related violence and intimidation.

Most of these crimes went "unsolved", due to complacency, or perhaps complicity, on the part of local law enforcement agencies and the FBI. The frequency of such acts led to the use of the derisive nickname "Bombingham" for the city. Locally, the preponderance of bombings focused around Center Street at the boundary of Smithfield and Graymont, where a lawsuit filed by Arthur Shores had prevented the city from enforcing its racial zoning ordinance, led to that area being called "Dynamite Hill".

Author Diane McWhorter documented numerous connections between these bombings and similar campaigns conducted as part of violent conflicts between mine companies and organized labor in the early 20th century. Robert Chambliss was frequently seen in the area, sometimes making overt threats, and was occasionally arrested on suspicion of involvement in bombings. He was not convicted and was generally understood to enjoy the sanction of Public Safety commissioner Bull Connor.

Notable bomb incidents

1947

  • August 18: The first bombing targeted a new home constructed by Samuel Mathews on a vacant lot at 120 11th Court North in North Smithfield. He had purchased the property, which was planned to be rezoned for Black residents, in 1946. After being denied an occupancy permit he retained Arthur Shores to represent him in a suit against the city. U.S. District Court Judge Clarence Mullins ruled in favor of Matthews on July 31, 1947. Afterward Mathews found a skull and crossbones painted on the side of the house. A few days later six sticks of dynamite were thrown through the living room window, destroying the $3,700 house. Mathews reported the crime to police. Detectives claimed that their investigation "failed to reveal sufficient evidence to make an arrest." The event touched off what some termed the "Battle of North Smithfield".

1948

1949

1949 mass meeting poster.png
On August 17 a mass meeting was held on the lawn of the Smithfield Court auditorium to hear witness reports of the bombings and to call for investigation and prosecution of the guilty. The meeting was co-sponsored by the Birmingham Business League, Property Owners Protective Association, Progressive Democratic Association of the NAACP, the Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance, the Birmingham Jefferson County Housewives League, the Birmingham Emancipation Association and the Social Workers Council. More than 2,000 people attended the protest, at which resolutions calling for an end to bombings, for increased access to real estate, and in support of attorney Arthur Shores were approved.
  • September: A bomb attributed to the KKK damaged WEDR-AM's broadcast antenna.

1950

Aftermath of the bombing of Mary Means Monk's home
  • April: Joel Boykins' newly-built home and dentist office in Smithfield was bombed. The event prompted the Birmingham Chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women to condemn such crimes and urge the police to investigate and prosecute.
  • April 22: Milton Curry Jr's home was targeted a third time. The larger bomb nearly destroyed the house entirely. Two people inside escaped without injury.
    • July 29: Pamphlets printed by the Alabama Communist Party in which the ongoing "unsolved" bombings were prominently mentioned, were scattered onto the street from a 10th floor window of the Woodward Building by New York resident George Breland.
  • December 21: A brick bungalow belonging to Monroe and Mary Means Monk at 950 Center Street North was bombed. Mrs Monk had won a court judgment nullifying Birmingham's revised segregated zoning laws and had moved into the house on the west side of the street the previous day. The bomb was tossed onto the porch adjoining the room where the Monks were sleeping. Neither the Monks nor their boarder, C. W. Askew, were seriously injured.

1951

  • The rear half of Milton Curry's home at 1100 Center Street North was burned to the ground.

1956

1957

1958

Following a pair of bombings of houses in Fountain Heights, two white men were captured by black residents and beaten. They were arrested when they later sought medical treatment at University Hospital. The investigation led to one additional arrest. One of the three was convicted on a bombing charge and all three pleaded guilty a second charge of "attempting to set off a bomb". They were all given probation rather than imprisonment.("To Keep the Record Straight"-1963)

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

Bomb damage at the Gaston Motel
Timing device used in the bombing of Arthur Shores' home

1964

1965

Civil Rights Movement (1956–1965)
Documents Segregation laws · ACMHR Declaration of Principles · Nonviolence pledge · Birmingham Manifesto · A Call For Unity · Appeal for Law and Order · Letter from Birmingham Jail · Birmingham Truce · Civil Rights Act of 1964
Events Freedom Rides · Who Speaks for Birmingham? · Selective Buying Campaign · Birmingham Campaign · Good Friday march · Children's Crusade · Police dogs and firehoses · List of racially-motivated bombings · 1963 church bombing · May 1963 riot
Organizations Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights · Birmingham City Commission · Ku Klux Klan · Miles College · NAACP · Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Activists Fred Shuttlesworth · Martin Luther King Jr · A. D. King · James Bevel · Frank Dukes · Edward Gardner · Lola Hendricks · Colonel Stone Johnson · Autherine Lucy · Vivian Malone · Joseph Lowery · James Orange · Nelson Smith Jr · John Porter · Abraham Woods Jr
Other figures Albert Boutwell · Robert Chambliss · Bull Connor · A. G. Gaston · Art Hanes · Lucius Pitts · Sidney Smyer · J. B. Stoner · "8 white clergymen" · Virgil Ware · "4 little girls"
Places Kelly Ingram Park · A. G. Gaston Motel · Movement churches
Legacy Birmingham Civil Rights Heritage Trail · Birmingham Civil Rights Institute · Birmingham Pledge

References

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